Determinants of double product: a cross-sectional study of urban residents in Japan

Background: The current study aimed to investigate the determinants of high double product (DP) by evaluating the association between resting DP, which is calculated as systolic blood pressure (SBP) multiplied by heart rate (HR), and blood test results and lifestyle factors. Methods: This research included 973 participants in the baseline survey of the KOBE study, which included a cohort of urban residents. The possible DP determinants were identified by examining the association between lifestyle factors and laboratory findings and DP by analyzing covariance adjusted for sex and age. Logistic regression analysis was performed with high DP (SBP × HR ≥ 9145 mmHg beats/min or quintile according to sex) as outcome and DP determinants as independent variables. Results: Age, hematocrit, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (log) level were positively associated with a high DP in both men and women. In addition, a high DP was positively associated with Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance score in women alone. Meanwhile, the amount of exercise was negatively associated with a high DP in men alone. Conclusions: High DP values at rest were associated with insulin resistance, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and the amount of exercise in participants without underlying disease